Tissues and Biomaterial Research Group (TBRG)-USERNJournal of Tissues and Materials2645-34872120190301Characterization and Evaluation of Graphene Oxide Incorporated into Nanofibrous Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering1138318910.22034/jtm.2019.83189ENAlireza Safaei FiroozabadyDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Amir AidunNational Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran Tissues and Biomaterials Research Group (TBRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, IranReza Kowsari-EsfahanDepartment of Cell Engineering, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, IranAzadeh AllahyariDepartment of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of BayreuthJournal Article20181228<strong>Introduction</strong>: Many diseases such as cancers, infections and accident may cause bone defects. So far, many efforts have been made to improve bone tissue engineering, but there are still some ambiguities in this field.<br /> <br /> <strong>Objective</strong>: The aim of the present study is the evaluation of the osteogenic properties of polycaprolactone/Chitosan/Graphene oxide nanofiber scaffold.<br /> <br /> <strong>Material and methods</strong>: The scaffolds were synthesized by electrospinning method. In this regard, polymers were dissolved in the solvent and then graphene oxide was added into polymeric solution with a ratio of 2% and 4%. The parameters of the scaffold evaluated via scanning electron microscopes (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), contact angle, alizarin red stating, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). For evaluation of the cell behavior on the scaffolds, the MG-63 was used.<br /> <br /> <strong>Result</strong>: The findings show graphene oxide not only has a positive effect on the osteogenic properties, but also improve the physico-chemical properties of the scaffolds. The scaffold with 4% graphene oxide make scaffold more hydrophilic in contrast with 2% and 0% scaffold.<br /> <br /> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The scaffold with 4% graphene oxide shows better morphology, biocompatibility and biological properties in compare to the other scaffolds. In general, the above properties suggest that the GO could enhance osteogenic properties of the scaffolds and GO-incorporated scaffold are a suitable substrate for bone tissue engineering.Tissues and Biomaterial Research Group (TBRG)-USERNJournal of Tissues and Materials2645-34872120190301Improved Biomedical Properties of Chitosan/Alginate Composites by Chemical Immobilization of Gelatin layer14228439710.22034/jtm.2019.174222.1015ENRoghayeh Haghjoobiomaterial, biomedical engineering, science and research branch of islamic azad university, tehran, iranAkbar KarkhanehDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190117<strong>Introduction</strong>: Recently, creating bioactive wound dressings from natural polymers is of importance. Also, there is high need for a device to staunch blood flow in deep wounds such as liver and spleen wounds, and would absorb in the body on its own. This device must be extremely safe, act fast, and adjust with local and general body health.<br /> <strong>Objective</strong>: This project designed surface modification for films made from natural Chitosan-Alginate polymers containing multiple ratios via chemically immobilizing the gelatin polymer.<br /> <strong>Material and methods</strong>: The scaffolds were synthesized by electrospinning method. In this regard, polymers were dissolved in the solvent and then graphene oxide was added into polymeric solution with a ratio of 2% and 4%. The parameters of the scaffold evaluated via scanning electron microscopes (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), contact angle, alizarin red stating, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). For evaluation of the cell behavior on the scaffolds, the MG-63 was used.<br /> <strong>Result</strong>: Chitosan-Alginate (C-A) solutions were prepared in 8:2, 7:3 and 5:5 weight percentages. Afterwards, these solutions were used to make composite films to use as solvent casting. Gelatin (G) was immobilized onto C-A films using the crosslinking reagents, which included Glutaraldehyde. The effects of C-A ratio, gelatin concentration, amount of crosslinking agent and duration of immobilization process on the actual immobilized layer were investigated. The films were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Furrier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Zeta Potential. SEM images demonstrated that immobilization onto 7:3 and 5:5 weight percentages ratios of C-A, resulted in a more consistent gelatin layer compared to 8:2. FTIR stereoscopy, which showed the appearance of amid peak in modified films. In DSC curves, suppression in Glass Transmission Temperature (Tg) in modified films was detected. Also, Zeta potential decreased as the amount of gelatin layer on C-A films was increased.<br /> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The newly developed (C-A-G) Composite films by simple, yet effective method of immobilization can be used for various biomedical applications like tissue engineering and wound healing.Tissues and Biomaterial Research Group (TBRG)-USERNJournal of Tissues and Materials2645-34872120190301Fabrication of Nanocomposite Foam by Supercritical CO2 Technique For Application in Tissue Engineering23328439610.22034/jtm.2019.171256.1010ENBahareh Kamyab MoghadasDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran0000-0003-4938-4247Mohammad AzadiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, IranJournal Article20190119<strong>Introduction</strong>: Microcellular foams are produced through polymer saturation by supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>, then heating the sample at a temperature higher than the Tg of polymer/gas mixture after the pressure drop.<br /> <strong>Objective</strong><strong>:</strong> In this research, the polyethersulfone/graphene oxide nano-composite was initially made. Then the nanocomposite foamed with supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>.<br /> <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: The study on the effect of nucleation by carbonated nano-sheets is a relatively new topic. Polymeric foams particularly have proper dimensional stability. By changing the variables, the internal structure of the foam can be controlled. Due to the uniformization of energy distribution areas, the nucleating agent creates more uniform pores, higher porosity percentage, resulting in pores with a smaller diameter.<br /> <strong>Result</strong>: In this study, the nanoparticles of GO were used as the heterogeneous nucleating agent in the foaming process. Also, the effect of foaming temperature, foaming pressure, foaming time and presence of nucleation agent were investigated. Adding 0.8% of GO reduces the average diameter of the PES foam cells from 6.99 to 3.7 μm. Besides, the increase of 40 °C foaming temperature (160 °C to 200 °C) also increases the diameter of the average cell from 3.14 to 7.2 μm.<br /> <strong> Conclusion:</strong> The toxicity tests indicated that the product is non-toxic and can be used as a scaffold in the body of living creatures.Tissues and Biomaterial Research Group (TBRG)-USERNJournal of Tissues and Materials2645-34872120190301Characterization of the precipitated Dicalcium phosphate dehydrate on the Graphene oxide surface as a bone cement reinforcement33468439810.22034/jtm.2019.173565.1013ENHassan NosratiDepartment of Materials Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-1509-9819Dang Quang Svend LeDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DenmarkReza Zolfaghari EmamehDepartment of Energy and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, IranCody Eric BungerDepartment of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DenmarkJournal Article20181228<strong>Introduction</strong>: Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) is a member of the family of calcium phosphates (CP), which has many uses in bone cement. Recently, graphene and its derivatives have been studied to increase the biological and mechanical properties of CP structures and their results have been satisfactory.<br /> <br /> <strong>Objective</strong>: In this study, the main objective is to investigate the physical properties of GO/DCPD powders, which has been synthesized via a simple precipitation method.<br /> <br /> <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate were used as a precursor for DCPD synthesis. DCPD was precipitated in the presence of graphene oxide. The powders obtained after washing and drying were evaluated. The analysis performed in the sample includes inductively coupled plasma (ICP), Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), and high-resolution TEM.<br /> <br /> <strong>Result</strong>: Raman Spectroscopy and XRD results showed that dicalcium phosphate dehydrate formed the hybrid powders along with graphene oxide. DCPD crystallite size was estimated at 138 nm. Microscopic images confirmed the preferred directional growth of DCPD particles. FTIR and XPS results confirmed the emerging bands. ICP and EDS results confirmed the presence of trace elements in the synthesized powders.<br /> <br /> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: According to the above, these powders will have a lot of potential for modifying the properties of bone cement.Tissues and Biomaterial Research Group (TBRG)-USERNJournal of Tissues and Materials2645-34872120190301Preparation of Skin Tissue Engineering Scaffold Based on Adipose-Derived Tissue47548323010.22034/jtm.2019.83230ENSanaz SamaniNational Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranMohammad Ali ShokrgozarNational Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranArash ZaminiNational Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranMohammad MajidiNational Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranHossein TavassoliNational Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranAmir AidunTissues and Biomaterials Research Group (TBRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, IranShahin BonakdarNational Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranJournal Article20181229<strong>Introduction:</strong> In clinical tissue engineering, scaffolds play a critical role in the formation of the appropriate physical, chemical and biological environment. It seems that extracellular matrix-based materials such as adipose supports the cellular functions like adhesion, growth or differentiation.<br /> <strong>Objective</strong>: In this study, human-derived adipose tissue was modified with different chemically crosslinking methods including carbodiimide, aldehyde and isocyanate reagents to fabricate skin tissue engineered scaffolds.<br /> <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: In this study, biological-based scaffolds were fabricated through modification of liposuction tissues and crosslinked by different chemical agents including glutaraldehyde (GLA), hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI) and 1-Ethyl-3-3-dimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide (EDC). The chemically formed bands were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mechanical properties analyzed by standard compression testing. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and cultured on the samples.<br /> <strong>Result: </strong>The MTT assay and microscopy observations of cultured adipose-derived stem cells confirmed the biological performance of these scaffolds in vitro. The degradation results on phosphate buffer saline also showed that crosslinking with 10 mM concentration of EDC preserve the scaffold integrity for 2 months. Real-time PCR observations confirmed that ADSCs were <br /> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> According to the results, adipose-derived scaffolds could find broad clinical applications in tissue engineering for skin regenerations in deep burns or plastic surgeries.Tissues and Biomaterial Research Group (TBRG)-USERNJournal of Tissues and Materials2645-34872120190301Nanoclay Reinforced Starch-Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering55638577710.22034/jtm.2019.168671.1008ENMaryam JamshidiDepartment of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranBabak AkbariDepartment of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-7175-3742Jhamak NourmohammadiDepartment of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20190307<strong>Introduction</strong>: Bone tissue engineering is one of the important areas in the field of tissue engineering. Scaffolds should have adequate mechanical properties for proper tissue regeneration and for bearing the weight of the regenerating tissues. Many studies have been done for improving scaffolds mechanical properties.<br /> <br /> <strong>Objective</strong>: this study aimed to make and characterize nonoclay reinforced starch-polycaprolactone scaffolds.<br /> <strong>Material and Methods</strong>: Scaffolds based on starch/polycaprolactone blend containing montmorillonite nanoclays were prepared by solvent casting-salt leaching technique. The nanoclays were introduced to improve the mechanical properties of the scaffold.<br /> <br /> <strong>Results</strong>: The characteristics of scaffolds were analysis by FTIR, SEM, contact angel, MTT assay and compressive strength tests. FTIR showed some hydrogen bonds between starch and polycaprolactone in scaffolds. In addition, the prepared samples exhibited porosity greater than 70%. The compressive mechanical test showed the range of 3.3 to 5.8 MPa for the compressive elastic modulus of the scaffolds. The contact angle experiments exhibited that incorporation of nanoclays improved the hydrophilicity of SPCL from 136 to 122 degree. <br /> <br /> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: FTIR showed that the nanoclays was successfully incorporated into the starch/polycaprolactone blend based scaffolds. Nanoclays influenced the microstructure of starch/polycaprolactone scaffolds. The MTT assay also indicated that the nanoclays did not a negative effect on the viability of osteoblast cells in scaffolds. The porosity of the scaffolds is appropriate for tissue engineering applications. Therefore, the starch/polycaprolactone -nanoclay scaffolds appear to satisfy some of the essential requirements of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications.<br /><br />